History

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In ancient times, the Asian part of Turkey was called Anatolia, or Asia Minor. Anatolia is located on the peninsula of Asia Minor, which is washed by the Black, Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean Seas and the Dardanelles and Bosphorus.

In the Bronze Age, in the XX-XIX centuries. BC, the first state appears – the Hittite kingdom, which is captured in 1200 BC Phrygians. From 546 BC reign of the Persians begins, which in the 4th century. BC. replaced by the empire of Alexander the Great. This period is marked by the emergence of Hellenic culture on the peninsula. In the Roman era, in the 2nd century. BC, the territory is divided into provinces, after the separation of Anatolia is part of Byzantium.
In the XI century, the territory is captured by the Seljuk Turks, who create the Koni Sultanate. In the XII century, the Turks annexed Eastern Anatolia, with the collapse of Byzantium they captured the cities of Antalya and Sinop. During this period, great importance is given to strengthening the territory: walls and towers are being built, fortresses are being strengthened; in addition, trade is developing, agricultural production is being established, and sugar manufacturing enterprises are appearing. The main centers of craft are Konya, Kayseri, Sivas.

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In the XIV-XV centuries. Byzantium was destroyed by the Ottomans, who created the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman sultans ruled the multinational state from 1299 to 1923. In 1453, Ottoman Turks captured Byzantium and renamed Constantinople to the capital Istanbul. The heyday of the empire fell on the XVI-XVII centuries, when craft cities developed with the production of fabrics, carpets, weapons, perfumes, ivory products.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the socio-economic crisis is reaching its development: science, culture, art, literature are in decline. For help in solving the economic crisis, the empire turns to Germany, which subsequently draws the Turkish people into the First World War, which is the last point of the collapse of the Great Ottoman Empire.

The Mudros Armistice in 1918 marks the end of the war for Turkey. But in the country in 1918-1923. the national liberation war begins, led by Mustafa Kemal against the territories that seized them in Greece, France, Italy, England, and Armenia.

After the war of independence, Ankara was declared the capital of Turkey on October 13, 1923, and on October 29, the Turkish Grand National Assembly passed a law proclaiming the republic, the first president of which was Mustafa Kemal, who adopted the name Atatürk – “father of the Turks”.